4. Solid earth sciences

What causes subsidence following the 2011 eruption at Nabro (Eritrea)?

A major goal in volcanology is to be able to constrain the physical properties of a volcanic system using surface observations. The behaviour of a volcanic system following an eruption can provide powerful con...

Authors: Joanna Hamlyn, Tim Wright, Richard Walters, Carolina Pagli, Eugenio Sansosti, Francesco Casu, Susi Pepe, Marie Edmonds, Brendan McCormick Kilbride, Derek Keir, Jürgen Neuberg and Clive Oppenheimer

The 2016 M_w 5.9 earthquake off the southeastern coast of Mie Prefecture as an indicator of preparatory processes of the next Nankai Trough megathrust earthquake

Megathrust earthquakes have occurred repeatedly at intervals of 100 to 150 years along the Nankai Trough, situated in the southwest of Japan. Given that it has been 70 years since the last event, the occurrenc...

Authors: Masaru Nakano, Mamoru Hyodo, Ayako Nakanishi, Mikiya Yamashita, Takane Hori, Shin-ichiro Kamiya, Kensuke Suzuki, Takashi Tonegawa, Shuichi Kodaira, Narumi Takahashi and Yoshiyuki Kaneda

Rheology and stress in subduction zones around the aseismic/seismic transition

Subduction channels are commonly occupied by deformed and metamorphosed basaltic rocks, together with clastic and pelagic sediments, which form a zone up to several kilometers thick to depths of at least 40 km...

Authors: John P. Platt, Haoran Xia and William Lamborn Schmidt

Deep magnetic field stretching in numerical dynamos

The process of magnetic field stretching transfers kinetic energy to magnetic energy and thereby maintains dynamos against ohmic dissipation. Stretching at depth may play an important role in shaping the field...

Authors: Diego Peña, Hagay Amit and Katia J. Pinheiro

Reconstruction of sediment-transport pathways on a modern microtidal coast by a new grain-size trend analysis method

A new method for granulometric-parameter-based reconstruction of sediment-transport pathways is proposed and is termed P-GSTA (grain-size trend analysis using principal component analysis) herein. The main adv...

Authors: Shota Yamashita, Hajime Naruse and Takeshi Nakajo

Mass transfer in the Earth’s interior: fluid-melt interaction in aluminosilicate–C–O–H–N systems at high pressure and temperature under oxidizing conditions

Understanding what governs the speciation in the C–O–H–N system aids our knowledge of how volatiles affect mass transfer processes in the Earth’s interior. Experiments with aluminosilicate melt + C–O–H–N volat...

Authors: Bjorn Mysen

Spatial pattern in stress drops of moderate-sized earthquakes on the Pacific Plate off the south-east of Hokkaido, Japan: implications for the heterogeneity of frictional properties

We show that the spatial heterogeneity in the coseismic displacement of large earthquakes likely reflects the spatial characteristics of the frictional properties and that it can be inferred from the stress dr...

Authors: Takuji Yamada, Yu Saito, Yuichiro Tanioka and Jun Kawahara

Melting phase relations in the MgSiO₃–CaSiO₃ system at 24 GPa

The Earth’s lower mantle is composed of bridgmanite, ferropericlase, and CaSiO₃-rich perovskite. The melting phase relations between each component are key to understanding the melting of the Earth’s lower mantle...

Authors: Ryuichi Nomura, Youmo Zhou and Tetsuo Irifune

Adjoint tomography of the crust and upper mantle structure beneath the Kanto region using broadband seismograms

A three-dimensional seismic wave speed model in the Kanto region of Japan was developed using adjoint tomography for application in the effective reproduction of observed waveforms. Starting with a model based...

Authors: Takayuki Miyoshi, Masayuki Obayashi, Daniel Peter, Yoko Tono and Seiji Tsuboi

Possible climate preconditioning on submarine landslides along a convergent margin, Nankai Trough (NE Pacific)

Submarine landslides are major agents of sediment mass transfer from the shallow to deep sea. Due to their rapid emplacement and tsunamigenic potential, such landslides are significant geohazards for society a...

Authors: Katrina Kremer, Muhammed O. Usman, Yasufumi Satoguchi, Yoshitaka Nagahashi, Sunil Vadakkepuliyambatta, Giuliana Panieri and Michael Strasser

Structural context and variation of ocean plate stratigraphy, Franciscan Complex, California: insight into mélange origins and subduction-accretion processes

The transfer (accretion) of materials from a subducting oceanic plate to a subduction-accretionary complex has produced rock assemblages recording the history of the subducted oceanic plate from formation to a...

Authors: John Wakabayashi

The responses of the four main substitution mechanisms of H in olivine to H₂O activity at 1050 °C and 3 GPa

Authors: Peter M. E. Tollan, Rachel Smith, Hugh St.C. O’Neill and Jörg Hermann

Seismic imaging of slab metamorphism and genesis of intermediate-depth intraslab earthquakes

We review studies of intermediate-depth seismicity and seismic imaging of the interior of subducting slabs in relation to slab metamorphism and their implications for the genesis of intermediate-depth earthqua...

Authors: Akira Hasegawa and Junichi Nakajima

Melting relations in the Fe–S–Si system at high pressure and temperature: implications for the planetary core

The phase and melting relations in the Fe–S–Si system were determined up to 60 GPa by using a double-sided laser-heated diamond anvil cell combined with X-ray diffraction. On the basis of the X-ray diffraction...

Authors: Takanori Sakairi, Eiji Ohtani, Seiji Kamada, Takeshi Sakai, Tatsuya Sakamaki and Naohisa Hirao

Hydrogen mobility in transition zone silicates

We study the hydrogen mobility in ringwoodite and wadsleyite considering multiple charge-balanced defects, including Mg < = > 2H, Si < = > Mg + 2H, and the hydrogarnet defect, Si < = > 4H, using molecular dyna...

Authors: Razvan Caracas and Wendy R. Panero

A numerical shallow-water model for gravity currents for a wide range of density differences

Gravity currents with various contrasting densities play a role in mass transport in a number of geophysical situations. The ratio of the density of the current, ρ _c, to the density of the...

Authors: Hiroyuki A. Shimizu, Takehiro Koyaguchi and Yujiro J. Suzuki

Interplay of irreversible reactions and deformation: a case of hydrofracturing in the rodingite–serpentinite system

The interplay of irreversible reactions and deformation during regional metamorphism was analyzed in the reaction zones between rodingite and serpentinite. Rodingites are leucocratic rocks found commonly in se...

Authors: Tadao Nishiyama, Chisato Yoshida- Shiosaki, Yasushi Mori and Miki Shigeno

Preface for the article collection “High-Pressure Earth and Planetary Science in the last and next decade”

Authors: Tatsuya Sakamaki, Akio Suzuki and Bjorn Mysen

Erratum to: Reconstruction of a 2D seismic wavefield by seismic gradiometry

Authors: Takuto Maeda, Kiwamu Nishida, Ryota Takagi and Kazushige Obara

Estimation of seismic velocity changes at different depths associated with the 2014 Northern Nagano Prefecture earthquake, Japan (M _W 6.2) by joint interferometric analysis of NIED Hi-net and KiK-net records

To estimate the seismic velocity changes at different depths associated with a large earthquake, we apply passive image interferometry to two types of seismograms: KiK-net vertical pairs of earthquake records ...

Authors: Kaoru Sawazaki, Tatsuhiko Saito, Tomotake Ueno and Katsuhiko Shiomi