Fig. 9

North Atlantic records of Marine Isotope Stage 19 (see also Fig. 8). (a) Insolation at Equator in spring and autumn, and absolute maximum of mean irradiance (Laskar et al. 2004; Ferretti et al. 2015; Haneda et al. 2020b). (b) IODP Site U1313 central North Atlantic: foraminiferal δ¹⁸O (Ferretti et al. 2015). (c) IODP Site U1385 southwest Portuguese margin: foraminiferal δ¹⁸O, alkenones (C37:4), and pollen records with grey bars indicating major contractions of the Mediterranean forest; the Tajo Interglacial occurs within MIS 19c, and a dark blue triangle marks a brief cooling event just before it (Sánchez-Goñi et al. 2016); stadials (s1–s3) and interstadials (i1–i3) are labelled following the correlations of Regattieri et al. (2019) and Nomade et al. (2019). (d) The MIS 19 subdivisional scheme used here (Fig. 7). All records are plotted on their own published time scales and use the original substage designations