Fig. 11
From: Review of the Early–Middle Pleistocene boundary and Marine Isotope Stage 19
Chiba composite section (CbCS), Japan; records of Marine Isotope Stage 19 based on the age model of Suganuma et al. (2018). (a) Insolation at Equator in spring and autumn, and absolute maximum of mean irradiance (Laskar et al. 2004; Ferretti et al. 2015; Haneda et al. 2020b). (b) Total organic carbon wt.% (Izumi et al. 2021). (c) Percentage abundance of Protoceratium reticulatum cysts and total dinoflagellate cyst concentrations interpreted as a southward shift of the Kuroshio Extension during stadial s1 and early interstadial i1 (Balota et al. 2021). (d) Percentage abundance of calcareous nannofossil Florisphaera profunda, an indicator of near-surface ocean stratification (Kameo et al. 2020). (e) Profile of ΔT (δ18Obenthic minus δ18OGlobigerina bulloides) as a measure of the vertical temperature gradient between surface and bottom waters (thin grey line) and 1000-year moving average (thicker black line) (Haneda et al. 2020b, 2020c). (f) Profile of Δδ18Oinf-bul (δ18OGloborotalia inflata minus δ18OGlobigerina bulloides) as an indicator of near-surface ocean stratification (Kubota et al. 2021). (g) Planktonic and benthic foraminiferal δ18O records (Haneda et al. 2020b). (h) The MIS 19 subdivisional scheme used here (Fig. 7): benthic marine isotope oscillations o1–o4 and interstadials i1–i4 are labelled in red, stadials s1–s4 are labelled in blue. (i) Substage classification and interstadial and stadial classification and labelling of Haneda et al. (2020b) where MIO = Millennial Isotopic Oscillation, showing MIO-Stadial 1 to 4 (MIO-S1 to MIO-S4), and MIO-Interstadial 1 to 4 (MIO-I1 to MIO-I4); YDt = Younger Dryas-type cooling subevent