Fig. 10

Mediterranean records of Marine Isotope Stage 19. (a) Insolation at Equator in spring and autumn, and absolute maximum of mean irradiance (Laskar et al. 2004; Ferretti et al. 2015; Haneda et al. 2020b). (b) Lacustrine Sulmona basin, central Italy: endogenic calcite δ¹⁸O, events I–IX of reduced precipitation based on δ¹⁸O, and tephra beds (positions based on modelled ages with ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages shown separately) used to construct the age model, all from Regattieri et al. (2019); Younger Dryas-like event (YDt) from Giaccio et al. (2015). (c) Lacustrine Piànico-Sèllere basin, northern Italy: pollen (Nomade et al. 2019). (d) Ideale section, Montalbano Jonico, Italy: benthic foraminiferal δ¹⁸O and supporting age control using ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar-dated tephra (volcaniclastic) beds V3 and V4 from Nomade et al. (2019). Ghost sapropel assigned to insolation cycle 74, alkenone sea-surface temperature (SST) with Heinrich-type (Med-H_TIX) Mediterranean Bølling-Allerød-type (Med-BA_TIX), and Younger-Dryas-type (Med-YD_TIX) episodes associated with Termination IX, and total coccolith abundance and mesothermic arboreal pollen records showing phases I–III of climatic amelioration; from Marino et al. (2020). (e) ODP Site 976 Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean: planktonic foraminiferal δ¹⁸O and pollen (first component of Principal Component Analysis); light blue triangles show temperate forest contractions within MIS 19c and correspond to increases in total coccolithophore abundance; dark blue triangle represents a climate event marked by abundant Asteraceae pollen (Toti et al. 2020). The subdivisional scheme of Nomade et al. (2019) is given. (f) The MIS 19 subdivisional scheme used here (Fig. 7): benthic marine isotope oscillations o1–o4 are labelled in red, interstadials i1–i4 are labelled in red and orange. All records are plotted on their own published time scales and use the original substage designations