Table 2 Data source and physical parameters for data fusion
Parameter number | Data name | Spatial resolution | Observation frequency | Duration | Source | Physical parameters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | MODIS | 500 m | Daily | 2002–present | USGS (2023) | NDWI |
2 | MODIS | 500 m | Daily | 2002–present | USGS (2023) | NDVI |
3 | AMSR-E, AMSR2 | 10 km | Daily | 2002–2011 (AMSR-E), 2012–present (AMSR2) | JAXA (2023) | Polarization index |
4 | AMSR-E, AMSR2 | 10 km | Daily | 2002–2011 (AMSR-E), 2012–present (AMSR2) | JAXA (2023) | Fraction of water surface (estimated at 18.7 and 36.5 GHz bands) |
5 | ERA5-Land | 0.1° | Hourly (aggregated into daily mean) | 1981–present | ECMWF (2023) | Dewpoint temperature at 2 m height (K) |
6 | ERA5-Land | 0.1° | Hourly (aggregated into daily mean) | 1981–present | ECMWF (2023) | Surface and subsurface runoff (m) |
7 | ERA5-Land | 0.1° | Hourly (aggregated into daily mean) | 1981–present | ECMWF (2023) | Skin reservoir water content (meters of water equivalent) |
8 | ERA5-Land | 0.1° | Hourly (aggregated into daily mean) | 1981–present | ECMWF (2023) | Land surface temperature (K) |
9 | ERA5-Land | 0.1° | Hourly (aggregated into daily mean) | 1981–present | ECMWF (2023) | Snow depth (meters of water equivalent) |
10 | ERA5-Land | 0.1° | Hourly (aggregated into daily mean) | 1981–present | ECMWF (2023) | Soil temperature in 0–7 cm layer (K) |
11 | ERA5-Land | 0.1° | Hourly (aggregated into daily mean) | 1981–present | ECMWF (2023) | Soil temperature in 7–28 cm layer (K) |
12 | ERA5-Land | 0.1° | Hourly (aggregated into daily mean) | 1981–present | ECMWF (2023) | Soil temperature in 28–100 cm layer (K) |
13 | ERA5-Land | 0.1° | Hourly (aggregated into daily mean) | 1981–present | ECMWF (2023) | Soil temperature in 100–289 cm layer (K) |
14 | ERA5-Land | 0.1° | Hourly (aggregated into daily mean) | 1981–present | ECMWF (2023) | Air temperature at 2 m height (K) |
15 | ERA5-Land | 0.1° | Hourly (aggregated into daily mean) | 1981–present | ECMWF (2023) | Total evaporation (meters of water equivalent) |
16 | ERA5-Land | 0.1° | Hourly (aggregated into daily mean) | 1981–present | ECMWF (2023) | Total precipitation (m) |
17 | ERA5-Land | 0.1° | Hourly (aggregated into daily mean) | 1981–present | ECMWF (2023) | Volume of water in 0–7 cm soil layer (m3/m3) |
18 | ERA5-Land | 0.1° | Hourly (aggregated into daily mean) | 1981–present | ECMWF (2023) | Volume of water in 7–28 cm soil layer (m3/m3) |
19 | ERA5-Land | 0.1° | Hourly (aggregated into daily mean) | 1981–present | ECMWF (2023) | Volume of water in 28–100 cm soil layer (m3/m3) |
20 | ERA5-Land | 0.1° | Hourly (aggregated into daily mean) | 1981–present | ECMWF (2023) | Volume of water in 100–289 cm soil layer (m3/m3) |
21 | DOY | – | Daily | – | – | Cosine and sine of DOY |
22 | VODCA | 0.25° | Daily | 2002–2018 (C-band), 1997–2018 (X-band) | Moesinger et al. (2020) | Vegetation optical depth |