Fig. 13

The constitutive relation curves computed from a physical model considering the abrasion of contacting irregular rock surfaces with the progress of fault slip (cited from Matsu’ura et al. 1992). Here, \(\lambda_{{\text{c}}} = {{2\pi } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{2\pi } {k_{1} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {k_{1} }}\) represents the upper limit of a wavelength range with same fractal dimension of irregular rock surfaces