Fig. 8

QGPV inversion results. a QGPV anomaly at 200 hPa (unit: s⁻¹) during the heavy rainfall period. b Anomalous geostrophic winds at 1000 hPa (vectors; unit: m s⁻¹) solely induced by the PV anomalies at 200 hPa in the Northern Hemisphere. Climatological-mean air temperature at 1000 hPa (unit: K) is superimposed by red contours. c Air temperature advection (unit: K day⁻¹) by the induced anomalous zonal geostrophic winds at 1000 hPa. Blue contours secondarily indicate its − 0.7, − 0.5, and − 0.1 × 10⁻² K day⁻¹ isolines in the south of 30°N. d Tendency of streamfunction at 1000 hPa (unit: m² s⁻¹ day⁻¹) solely due to the air temperature advection by the induced anomalous zonal winds. Red contours secondarily indicate its 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1 × 10⁵ m² s⁻¹ day⁻¹ isolines in the south of 30°N