Fig. 9From: An introductory review of the thermal structure of subduction zones: II—numerical approach and validationSteady-state thermal structure for the updated subduction zone benchmark. a Temperature predicted by TF for case 1; b temperature difference between TF and Sepran using the penalty function (PF) method for case 1 at \(f_m\) = 1 where \(f_m\) represents the smallest element sizes in the finite element grids near the coupling point; c slab top temperature comparison for case 1; (d–f). As a–c but now for case 2. The star indicates the position or temperature conditions at the coupling pointBack to article page