Fig. 8
Modified from the figure in Sasajima et al. (2019)
Vertical land-surface deformation rates in the Tohoku region for about 100 years before the Tohoku-oki earthquake. Leveling measurements were taken from 1892–1906 to 1986–1999 (original data from Kunimi et al. 2001). The effects of coseismic and postseismic deformation of the three major earthquakes (the inland earthquake and the two earthquakes in the Sea of Japan) are excluded in the figure. The contours are at 0.2 cm/yr intervals, and the thick line represents 0 cm/yr. The gray dots on land represent points of leveling measurements. The model results (Fig. 8) are compared with the data for the area enclosed by the two black lines. The pink lines off Miyagi Prefecture show the distribution of estimated slip during the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake (Iinuma et al. 2012) (shown at 10 m intervals). The green contours represent the depth of the upper surface of the subducting Pacific plate.