Fig. 11

Cross sections of the modeled velocity vectors and surface vertical displacement velocities in the continental crust and mantle. a–c The pink lines at the top of each image show the modeled vertical surface displacement rates (\(\dot{U}_{z}\)) at a \(t^{\prime }\) = 100 years, b \(t^{\prime }\) = 250 years, and c \(t^{\prime }\) = 600 years (\(t^{\prime }\) is the time since the fifth earthquake in the model). The black dots in c show the observed \(\dot{U}_{z}\) for the northeast Japan island arc for approximately 100 years before the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake (see Fig. 8). The colored arrows at the bottom of each image indicate the modeled velocity vector for the continental crust and mantle at each \(t^{\prime }\). The magnitude of the velocity is indicated by the arrow length and color. The black lines in each image indicate the top surface of the land or ocean floor, the continental Moho, and the subducting ocean lithosphere. After Sasajima et al. (2019)