Fig. 11

Vertical profiles of a internal temperature, b estimated water temperature, c potential temperature calculated from mean estimated water temperature, and d temperature anomalies of TJT1, GJT3, and TJT1-2 from the mean profile. See Table 1 and Fig. 1 for the details of the stations. In a and b, solid curves include 6 stations at sea depths of 3.3–5.8 km, and dashed curves include 4 stations at sea depths of 6.5–7.2 km. The absolute values of the internal and estimated temperature are ad hoc shifted (e.g., shift range from − 0.87 to + 0.34 °C) so that the vertical distributions are roughly consistent. A mean water temperature profile derived from MOAA-GPV at 38.5°N/143.5°E (black curve) is drawn with one standard-deviation interval (dotted curves). Gray curves in a and c indicate the mean estimated temperature profile which is calculated from the 7 profiles shown in b except for TJT1, GJT3, and TJT1-2. The potential temperature is calculated from the mean profile assuming a constant salinity of 34.5 PSU. One standard-deviation interval is attached with dashed curves to the mean profile in c and d. Effective ranges of + 0.1 °C and + 0.2 °C around TJT1 and GJT3, respectively, are attached to the potential temperature with dashed and thin lines in c