Table 1 Summary of postseismic models of the M9 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake

Imakiire and Koarai (2012)

E

Horizontal

0–4 month

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Ozawa et al. (2012)

E

Horizontal

0–9 month

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Perfettini and Avouac (2014)

E

Horizontal

0–9 month

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Silverii et al. (2014)

E

Horizontal

0–4 month

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Diao et al. (2014)

LM

Horizontal

0–18 month

Layered earth

2 × 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

[+ No CN]

50/No

Layered earth

1 × 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

Layered earth

2 × 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

[+ No LAB]

Yamagiwa et al. (2015)

LM

Horizontal & vertical

0.6–18 month

0.6–9.6 month

1.6–9.6 month

Layered earth

9 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

[+ No CN]

50/No

Layered earth

1 × 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

Layered earth

9 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

[+ No LAB]

Freed et al. (2017)

LM

Horizontal & vertical

0–36 month

Heterogeneous*

10¹⁸ – 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

[+ Viscous CN]

30/60

 ~ 3 × 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

 ~ 9 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

[+ LAB ~ 3 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))]

Suito (2017)

LM

Horizontal & vertical

0–60 month

Heterogeneous*

 ~ 2 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

[+ Viscous CN]

30/80

1 × 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

1 × 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

[+ LAB ~ 1 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))]

Muto et al. (2016)

LB

Horizontal & vertical

0–9 month

Heterogeneous* 

~ 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

[+ Viscous CN]

20/60

Heterogeneous*

 ~ 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

Heterogeneous*

 ~ 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

[+ LAB ~ 5 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))]

Sun et al. (2014)

LB

Horizontal

0–12 month

1.8 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

2.5 × 10¹⁷ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ Elastic CN]

25/25

1 × 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

2 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

1 × 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

2 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ LAB 2.5 × 10¹⁷ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M},\mathrm{K}}\))]

Shirzaei et al. (2014)

LB

Horizontal

0–15 month

1 × 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

1 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ No CN]

50/50

1 × 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

1 × 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

1 × 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

1 × 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ No LAB]

Sun and Wang (2015)

LB

Horizontal

0–36 month

1.8 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

2.5 × 10¹⁷ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ Elastic CN]

25/45

1 × 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

2 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

1 × 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

2 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ LAB 2.5 × 10¹⁷ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M},\mathrm{K}}\))]

Iinuma et al. (2016)

LB

Horizontal & vertical

0–9 month

1.8 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

2.5 × 10¹⁷ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ Elastic CN]

25/45

1 × 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

2 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

1 × 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

2 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ LAB 2.5 × 10¹⁷ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M},\mathrm{K}}\))]

Hu et al. (2014)

LB

Horizontal & vertical

0–12 month

1 × 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

1 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ No CN]

40/80

1 × 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

1 × 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

1 × 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

1 × 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ No LAB]

Hu et al. (2016)

LB

Horizontal & vertical

0–24 month

3 × 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

3 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ Elastic CN]

40/80

5 × 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

5 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

 ~ 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

 ~ 10¹⁷ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ No LAB]

Wang et al. (2018)

LB

Horizontal & vertical

0–60 month

1.8 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

2.5 × 10¹⁷ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ Elastic CN]

25/45

1 × 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

2 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

1 × 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

2 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ LAB 2.5 × 10¹⁷ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M},\mathrm{K}}\))]

Fukuda and Johnson (2021)

LB

Horizontal & vertical

0–84 month

5.6 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

2.2 × 10¹⁷ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ Elastic CN]

30/50

 ~ 1.2 × 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

 ~ 4.5 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

 ~ 1.2 × 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

 ~ 4.5 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ No LAB]

Luo and Wang (2021, 2022)

LB

Horizontal & vertical

0–60 month

4.5 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

1 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ Elastic CN]

30/45

5 × 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

5 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

5 × 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

5 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ No LAB]

Agata et al. (2019)

NLB

Horizontal

0–33 month

Heterogeneous *

 ~ 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

 ~ 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ Elastic CN]

40/100 (?)

Heterogeneous*

 ~ 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

 ~ 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

 ~ 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

 ~ 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ No LAB]

Muto et al. (2019)

NLB

Horizontal & vertical

0–63 month

Heterogeneous*

10¹⁶ – 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

10¹⁵ – 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ Viscous CN]

20/60

Heterogeneous

10¹⁶ –10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

10¹⁵ –10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

 ~ 1 × 10¹⁸ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

 ~ 1 × 10¹⁶ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ No LAB]

Dhar et al. (2022)

NLB

Horizontal & vertical

0–63 month

Heterogeneous*

10¹⁷ – 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

10¹⁶ – 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ Viscous CN]

20/60

Heterogeneous*

10¹⁷ –10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

10¹⁶ –10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

 ~ 1 × 10²⁰ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{M}}\))

 ~ 1 × 10¹⁹ (\({\eta }_{\mathrm{K}}\))

[+ No LAB]