Fig. 1From: Simulated decadal variations of surface and subsurface phytoplankton in the upstream Kuroshio Extension regionSchematic diagram of the study area showing three-dimensional structure of nitrogen concentration as well as the major circulation pattern and relevant processes/layers. For nitrogen concentration (shading), nutricline (thick solid line), mixed layer depth (thick dashed line), and the base of euphotic layer (thin solid line), the climatological mean of October from the OFES are usedBack to article page