Fig. 10
From: Metal contamination in a sediment core from Osaka Bay during the last 400 years
a Scatter plot of δ66Zn against the Zn enrichment factor (EFZn), and b against 1/Zn in the piston core from Osaka Bay, in a core from Lake Biwa (Nitzsche et al. 2021), in a core from Tokyo Bay (Sakata et al. 2019), in a core from the Loire Estuary, France (Araújo et al. 2019b), in the cores from Sepetiba Bay, Brazil (Araújo et al. 2017; Tonhá et al. 2020). The black lines represent regression lines through all points. The δ66Zn values of the anthropogenic endmembers in b were estimated from the intercepts of the regression lines. Extending the regression line in a to + 0.17 ‰ yields an average EFZn of the anthropogenic endmember of ~ 5.5. The δ66Zn value of the upper continental crust (UCC) was obtained from Chen et al. (2013). The range in δ66Zn values of urban and industrial sources includes industrial effluents (+ 0.10 ‰ to + 0.15 ‰) (Desaulty and Petelet-Giraud 2020), road dust (+ 0.08 ‰ to + 0.17 ‰), tire wear (+ 0.08 ‰ to + 0.21 ‰) (Dong et al. 2017; Souto-Oliveira et al. 2018; Thapalia et al. 2010), and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP; + 0.06 ‰ to + 0.08 ‰) (Chen et al. 2008; Desaulty and Petelet-Giraud 2020)