Fig. 6

Horizontal distribution of vertical velocity w at depths of a 100, b 200, and c 300 m. Vertical velocity was estimated by the P-vector inverse method from the AGEM-derived potential density field. Positive values show upward velocity. Contour intervals are \(1 {\times } 10^{-6}\,{\text {m\,s}}^{-1}\). Gray shadings indicate regions of no data because of small values of the Coriolis parameter and shallow water depth. Zonal and meridional thin solid lines denote locations of the w sections shown in Figs. 8a and 9a. Dotted square delineates the region where Nagano et al. (2016a) studied the QD variation in SST. In the solid square, vertical volume and temperature transports and SST tendency due to the vertical current variation were calculated as in Fig. 14