Fig. 15

Horizontal distributions of smoothed upward velocity w (\({\text {m\,s}}^{-1}\), color shading) and northward velocity v (\({\text {cm\,s}}^{-1}\), contours) at a depth of 100 m in a July 1997 and b July 2008, i.e., periods of the weak and strong upward transports in Region A (solid square), which are denoted by upward and downward arrows in Fig. 14a, respectively. Data were smoothed by a 15-month running mean filter. Contour intervals of v are \(1~{\text {cm\,s}}^{-1}\) and cross line meshing indicates northward velocity. Vertical line meshing illustrates the isopycnal zone of at a depth of 200 m