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Fig. 14 | Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

Fig. 14

From: Spatiotemporal vertical velocity variation in the western tropical Pacific and its relation to decadal ocean variability

Fig. 14

a Volume transport \(V_{z}\) (Sv, thick black line) and temperature transport \(F_{z}\) (TW, green line) at 100 m depth in Region A shown by the solid square in Figs. 6, 7, 10, and 11. \(V_{z}\), Niño 3.4, and PDO indices smoothed by a 37-month running mean filter are shown by thin black, magenta, and cyan lines, respectively. Upward and downward arrows indicate July 1997 and July 2008, respectively. b Volume transport-weighted temperature \(\Theta\) (\(^{\circ }\)C, gray solid line) and area-averaged temperature \(T_{100}\) (\(^{\circ }\)C, gray dashed line) at 100 m depth and Niño 3.4 (magenta line) and PDO (cyan line) indices. c Upper-ocean (\(<100\) m depth) temperature tendency, \(\partial T_{w}/\partial t\), averaged in Region A (\(^{\circ }{\text {C\,month}}^{-1}\), red line) and temperature variation, \(T^{\prime }_{w}\), (\(^{\circ }{\text {C}}\), blue line) in the top 100 m layer. The horizontal black thin line indicates the mean value of the upper-ocean temperature tendency (\(-0.031\) \(^{\circ }{\text {C\,month}}^{-1}\)). The climate indices in panels a and b were normalized by the standard deviations

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