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Progress in Earth and Planetary Science
Fig. 10 | Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

Fig. 10

From: Precision and convergence speed of the ensemble Kalman filter-based parameter estimation: setting parameter uncertainty for reliable and efficient estimation

Fig. 10

Composite time series of parameter ensemble mean for Exps. 5–12. Red (blue) lines are for the initial ensemble mean of μinit = 0.55 (− 0.55); a experiments where parameter ensemble spread (σ) was 0.05 (Exps. 5 and 9); b σ = 0.1 (Exps. 6 and 10); c σ = 0.2 (Exps. 7 and 11); and d σ = 0.4 (Exps. 8 and 12). Note that the bias component (xbias) shown as the blue line in Fig. 8 was removed from each time series prior to compositing. Color shade represents the standard deviation of all trials. The origin of the time axis corresponds to the initial times of each trial. Open circles on each line indicate that the set of time series does not differ from Exps.1–4, with a significance level of 1% based on the Student's t test

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