Table 1 Notation
From: Experiments on seepage-triggered cliff landslides using cohesive wet sand
A | Growth rate of vertical velocity (\(1/\text{s }\)) |
a | Acceleration (\(\text{ m/s}^2\)) |
c | Cohesion (Pa) |
\(c'\) | Effective cohesion (Pa) |
d | Particle diameter (m) |
\(F_{\mathrm{s}}\) | Factor of safety |
g | Gravitational acceleration (\(\text{ m/s}^2\)) |
H | Cliff height (m) |
\(H_{\mathrm{max}}\) | Maximum cliff height (m) |
h | Height of phreatic surface (m) |
\(h_{\mathrm{c}}\) | Capillary rise (m) |
\(h_{\mathrm{w}}\) | Hydraulic head (m) |
\(K_{\mathrm{p}}\) | Coefficient of passive earth pressure |
k | Permeability (\(\text{ m}^2\)) |
L | Cliff length (m) |
\(L_{\mathrm{head}}\) | Landslide head length of first slide (m) |
S | Water saturation in pore space |
\(T_{\mathrm{seep}}\) | Seepage time (s) |
\(T_{\mathrm{slide}}\) | Slide time (s) |
t | Time (s) |
u | Pore water pressure (Pa) |
v | Velocity (m/s) |
W | Cliff width (m) |
\(\gamma\) | Surface tension coefficient (N/m) |
\(\Delta z\) | Vertical displacement (m) |
\(\eta\) | Viscosity of water (Pa s) |
\(\theta\) | Friction angle (\(^{\circ }\)) |
\(\Lambda\) | Inverse velocity \(= 1 /v\) (s/m) |
\(\mu\) | Friction coefficient |
\(\mu '\) | Effective friction coefficient |
\(\rho\) | Bulk density of wet sand (\(\text{ kg/m}^3\)) |
\(\rho _{\mathrm{s}}\) | Density of sand (\(\text{ kg/m}^3\)) |
\(\rho _{\mathrm{w}}\) | Density of water (\(\text{ kg/m}^3\)) |
\(\sigma\) | Total normal stress (Pa) |
\(\sigma _{\mathrm{z}}\) | Total vertical stress (Pa) |
\(\sigma '\) | Effective stress (Pa) |
\(\tau\) | Shear stress (Pa) |
\(\tau _{\mathrm{s}}\) | Shear strength (Pa) |
\(\tau _{\mathrm{y}}\) | Yield stress (Pa) |
\(\phi\) | Particle volumetric packing fraction |