Paleotsunami history of Hachinohe, northern Japan: a multiproxy analysis and numerical modeling approach

Velasco-Reyes, Erick R.; Goto, Kazuhisa; Sugawara, Daisuke; Nishimura, Yuichi; Shinohara, Takahiro; Chiba, Takashi

doi:10.1186/s40645-022-00477-4

Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

Table 1 General sedimentological characteristics of the sand layers found in the five main cores

From: Paleotsunami history of Hachinohe, northern Japan: a multiproxy analysis and numerical modeling approach

Lithology	Grain size	General description	Color
Core Ha8
Soil	Mud	Paddy field related soil	Black
Tephra 1	Lapilli	Clayey layer at the base. Upward fining	Khaki
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra 2	Lapilli	Massive tephra	Khaki
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra 3	Lapilli to ash	Thiny clay layers at the base with interlayered mud	Gray-White
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	vfSand	Very thin bed of massive sand	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	vfSand	Very thin bed of massive sand	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	fSand	Thin lamina of massive sand	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	vfSand	Massive sand	Dark brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	m-fSand	Thin bed. Upward fining. Bottom erosive contact	Light brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra 4	Ash	Clay	white
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	Silt	Lenticular stratification	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	vfSand to mSand	Thin bed. Upward coarsening. Bottom transitional contact	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	Bottom subunit: vsSand to mSand Upper subunit: mSand to fSand	Thin bed divided in two subunits: the basal one (S8a) is a dark brown very fine upward coarsening to medium sand, the upper unit (S8b) is light brown upward fining. Bottom erosive contact	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra5	Ash	Clay	Gray-White
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	vfSand	Two thin sand laminas interbeded with peaty mud including some intraclasts. Bottom erosive contact	Brown-dark
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	fSand	Upward fining. Bottom erosive contact	Light brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra 6	Lapilli	Thick tephra layer. Upward fining lapilli to ash	Gray
Core H02
Soil	Mud	Paddy field related soil	Black
Tephra 1	Lapilli	Clayey layer at the base. Upward fining	Khaki
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra 2	Lapilli	Massive tephra	Khaki
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra 3	Lapilli to ash	Thiny clay layers at the base with interlayered mud	Gray-White
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	vfSand	Very thin bed of massive sand	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	vfSand	Very thin bed of massive sand	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	fSand	Thin lamina of massive sand	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	vfSand	Massive sand	Dark brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	m-fSand	Thin bed. Upward fining. Bottom erosive contact	Light brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra 4	Ash	Clay	white
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	Silt	Lenticular stratification	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	vfSand to mSand	Thin bed. Upward coarsening. Bottom transitional contact	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	Bottom subunit: vsSand to mSand Upper subunit: mSand to fSand	Thin bed divided in two subunits: the basal one (S8a) is a dark brown very fine upward coarsening to medium sand, the upper unit (S8b) is light brown upward fining. Bottom erosive contact	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra5	Ash	Clay	Gray-White
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	vfSand	Two thin sand laminas interbeded with peaty mud including some intraclasts. Bottom erosive contact	Brown-dark
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	fSand	Upward fining. Bottom erosive contact	Light brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra 6	Lapilli	Thick tephra layer. Upward fining lapilli to ash	Gray
Core H03
Soil	Mud	Paddy field related soil	Black
Tephra 1	Lapilli	Clayey layer at the base. Upward fining	Khaki
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra 2	Ash	Massive tephra	Khaki
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra 3	Lapilli	Massive tephra	Gray-White
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	vfSand	Massive sand	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	mSand to fSand	Upward fining. Bottom erosive contact	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra 4	Ash	Clay	white
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	Silt	Thin lamina	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	mSand	Massive sand. Bottom erosive contact	Orange
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	fSand	Upward fining	Dark brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	fSand	Two thin sand laminas interbeded with peaty mud. Bottom erosive contact	Dark brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	fSand	Massive sand. Top and bottom transitional contacts	Dark brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra 5/6?	Lapilli to ash	Thick tephra layer. Upward fining lapilli to ash	Gray
Core H04
Soil	Mud	Paddy field related soil	Black
Tephra 1	Lapilli to ash	Clayey layer at the base. Upward fining	Khaki
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra 2	Lapilli	Massive tephra	Khaki
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra 3	Lapilli	Thiny clay layers at the base with interlayered mud	Gray-White
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	vfSand	Massive sand, with bottom erosive contact	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra 4	Ash	Clay	Gray-White
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	vfSand	Thin lamina	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	black
Sand	vfSand	Lens of sand	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	black
Sand	vfSand	Flame structures at the base	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	vfSand	Massive sand. Top and bottom transitional contacts	Brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	vfSand	Massive sand	Dark brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra 5/6?	Lapilli to ash	Thick tephra layer. Upward fining lapilli to ash	Gray
Core H06
Soil	Mud	Paddy field related soil	Black
Tephra 1	Lapilli	Upward fining	Gray
Silt	Silt	Peaty mud	Gray-dark
Tephra 2	Lapilli	Massive tephra	Khaki
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	vfSand	Massive sand, highly bioturbated	Dark brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Sand	vfSand	Massive sand, highly bioturbated	Dark brown
Mud	Mud	Peaty mud	Black
Tephra 3/4/5/6?	Lapilli to ash	Upward fining	Gray

Note that there is not a lateral correlation among the core samples. Neither the thickness of the cells represents the thickness of the sand layers. Emphasis enhance the stratigraphic position of tephra (bold), sand (italic), and peaty mud or soil (bold italic) layers
vfSand, Very fine sand; fSand, Fine sand; mSand, Medium sand; cSand, Coarse sand; vcSand, Very coarse sand

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