Fig. 2

Topography and bathymetry around the a, c San Francisco and b, d San Diego tide gauge stations. CD03 and CD04 are the computational domains of 6 and 2 s in grid intervals, respectively. These data were manually reproduced based on old maps, and coastal structures were manually removed by referring to old maps (OldMapsOnline; https://www.oldmapsonline.org/). Red triangles show the locations of the tide gauge stations in 1854 CE