Fig. 1

Study sites (black circles). Yellow cross shows the Yakutsk larch forest, the study site of Arakida et al. (2017). The vegetation data shown by red, green, and light-green shades are from the global land cover dataset (GLC2000: European Commission, Joint Research Centre 2003). Gray areas indicate the planetary continental data provided by Esri, Global Mapping International, US Central Intelligence Agency (The World Factbook). The same continental data are used in subsequent maps