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Fig. 3 | Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

Fig. 3

From: Coupled investigations of ionosphere variations over European and Japanese regions: observations, comparative analysis, and validation of models and facilities

Fig. 3

Smoothed diurnal variations of NmF2 (a) and hmF2 (b). Gray circles denote 3-h averaged ionosonde NmF2 and ISR hmF2 observations. Solid red lines show the FLIP model simulations with the ISR hmF2 constraint together with doubled NRLMSISE-00 H density. The dashed blue lines are the FLIP simulations with the wind from the HWM-14 model. The dotted brown hmF2 lines are from AMTB-2013 and dotted brown NmF2 lines are from the FLIP model simulation using the AMTB-2013 hmF2 variation as the constraint. The black dash-dot lines show similar results when the SHU-2015 hmF2 is used in the FLIP model. The small green dotted NmF2 lines are from the IRI-2016 model. The solid arrows on the bottom panels denote the time of a maximum AE index burst (∼800 nT). The dashed arrows show the same local time on the preceding day when the AE index was ∼50 nT

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