Fig. 8

a Vectors of the area-averaged wind speed derived from the hourly GPV-MSM reanalysis dataset in the southern basin during the period of 2–6 September 2018. Red shading indicates the date of the Typhoon 21 approach around Lake Biwa. b Map of the wind vectors and speeds (colors) interpolated using the GPV-MSM reanalysis dataset at 15:00 JST on 4 September. c Scatter plots showing the observed and estimated wind speeds during the period of 2–6 September