Fig. 4

Location of sites discussed in the text and present atmospheric features. ODP Site 983 Gardar Drift, Iceland Basin; IODP Site U1313 upper western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, central North Atlantic; IODP Site U1385 southwest Portuguese margin; ODP Site 976 Alboran Sea; ODP Site 975 western Mediterranean Sea; Core KC01B Ionian Sea; Core MD900963 tropical Indian Ocean; Lake Baikal, SE Siberia; Yimaguan and Luochuan, Chinese Loess Plateau; Chiba composite section, Japan; Vema 28-238 and RC11-209 cores, western equatorial Pacific Ocean; ODP Site 1123 Chatham Ridge, South Pacific; EPICA Dome C ice core (75° 06′ S, 123° 21′ E, location is off the map); Core 58 of Arrhenius (1952), eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean (6° 44′ N, 129° 28′ W; location is off the map); inset shows important Italian sites. The Westerly Jet (WJ) during summer (S), East Asian Summer/Winter Monsoon (EASM/EAWM), and summer/winter variation in the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) adapted from Cheng et al. (2012) and Liu et al. (2015); the Siberian High (SH) and Aleutian Low (AL) are primarily winter atmospheric pressure systems; the AL and Pacific High (PH) form the North Pacific Oscillation; the Islandic Low (IL) and Azores High (AH) form the North Atlantic Oscillation