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Progress in Earth and Planetary Science
Fig. 10 | Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

Fig. 10

From: Role Of the Sun and the Middle atmosphere/thermosphere/ionosphere In Climate (ROSMIC): a retrospective and prospective view

Fig. 10

Vertical coupling in the atmosphere-ionosphere system, from the troposphere to the thermosphere-ionosphere. The atmosphere is influenced from below by internal waves (gravity waves, tides, planetary waves, Kelvin waves) and from above by solar and geomagnetic processes, referred to as space weather processes. These mechanisms produced wave-like disturbances in the upper atmosphere, known as traveling ionosphere/atmospheric disturbances (TIDs/TADs). The thermosphere and ionosphere coexist, interacting with each other in a two-way coupled manner. Taken from Yiğit and Medvedev (2015)

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