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Progress in Earth and Planetary Science
Fig. 8 | Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

Fig. 8

From: Solar evolution and extrema: current state of understanding of long-term solar variability and its planetary impacts

Fig. 8

A kinematic solar dynamo simulation with stochastically fluctuating mean-field α-effect and Babcock-Leighton sources for the poloidal field shows long-term modulation in activity (Passos et al. 2014). The top panel depicts simulated sunspot time series in the northern (black) and southern (red) hemispheres and the bottom panel depicts the simulated solar butterfly diagram for the toroidal field at the base of the convection zone. The dynamo simulation is characterized by hemispheric asymmetry in activity, parity shifts, and occasional sunspot eruptions during the grand minimum phase observed in the simulated timeframe above

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