Fig. 2

Photographs showing the typical lithology of each formation. a Green mudstone with shell fossils of the Wulagen Formation. The shell height is ~ 0.3 m. b Reddish-brown mudstone containing gypsum veins of the Bashibulake Formation. Chicken-wire nodules of gypsum are also found in mudstones. c Aeolian sandstone showing high-angle cross-beddings at the bottom of the Wuqia Group. d Conglomerate of the lower part of the Artux Formation. The conglomerate is matrix-supported by fine sandstone and pebbles are sub-rounded to sub-angular and poorly-sorted. e Alteration of orange and yellow fine sandstone of the upper part of the Artux Formation. f Thick conglomerate and intercalated light yellowish gray fine sandstone of the Xiyu Formation. The conglomerate comprises pebbles to cobbles of various rock types including basement rocks and volcanic rocks