Fig. 4

Seasonal variations in NO2 and HCHO concentrations, HCHO/NO2 concentration ratio, and O3 concentration for the lowest layer (altitude of 0-1 km) retrieved from MAX-DOAS observations at Chiba (red) and Tsukuba (black), Japan for 2013–2019. The O3 data for January, February, November, and December were unavailable, because the amount of retrieved data at SZA < 50° with less influence by high-altitude O3 was limited (see the text for more details). The median values of monthly means for the 7 years are shown. Shaded areas represent 67% ranges