Stalagmite evidence for East Asian winter monsoon variability and 18O-depleted surface water in the Japan Sea during the last glacial period

Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

Table 2 Mean δ¹⁸O (vs VPDB) during mid-Holocene and the last glacial period recorded in Japanese and Chinese caves

	Middle Holocene		Last glacial		∆¹⁸O_H-G (‰)	Reference
	δ¹⁸O_avr (‰)	Interval (ka)	δ¹⁸O_avr (‰)	Interval (ka)	∆¹⁸O_H-G (‰)	Reference
Fukugaguchi	− 7.64	4.2–8.2	− 8.87	22–33	+ 1.23	This study, Sone et al. (2013)
Maboroshi	− 7.29	4.5–8.2	− 6.16	16.0–18.2	− 1.13	Hori et al. (2013)
Kiriana	− 5.94	4.3–8.2	− 4.13	22–33	− 1.81	Mori et al. (2018)
Ohtaki	− 7.37	4.2–8.2	− 6.72	34.8–36	− 0.65	Mori et al. (2018)
Sambo/Hulu^a	− 10.43	4.2–8.2	− 8.18	22–33	− 2.25	Wang et al. (2001, 2008)

^aCollected more positive (+ 1.9 ‰) Hulu value against Sambo value (Wang et al. 2008)