Fig. 11

a The 10-year (1996–2005) mean transports (Sv) through the Tsushima, Tsugaru, and Soya Straits from the JPN02, NP10, and FORA-WNP30 (colored bars). The observational reference values (black bars) are 2.65 Sv from Fukudome et al. (2010) for the Tsushima Strait, 1.5 Sv from Ito et al. (2003) for the Tsugaru Strait, and 0.91 Sv from Ohshima et al. (2017) for the Soya Strait. b Same as (a), but comparing the historical (1996–2005), RCP2.6 (2086–2095), and RCP8.5 (2086–2095) cases of the MRI-CGCM3 forced results of the JPN02