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Table 3 Descriptions of final terrain groups (Group_fin in Fig. 7)

From: Classification of topography for ground vulnerability assessment of alluvial plains and mountains of Japan using 30 m DEM

Terrain group

Overview

Typical landforms

Cluster number

1

Bedrock mountain (upper)

Upper slope of dissected mountain

2,29

2

Bedrock mountain (lower)

Upper side slopes of valley wall

10,12,32

3

Hilly mountain (upper)

Upper hilly mountain, high plateau

1,16,27,28,33,18

4

Hilly mountain (lower)

Hills, lower side slopes of valley wall

5,6,14,18,22,24,25,35,40

5

Mountain valley

Valley in bedrock mountains and hills

3,37,39

6

Large highland slope (finer texture)

Volcanic slopes, scarp of large landslides, crest slopes with gravitational deformation topographies

17,13

7

Large highland slope (coarser texture)

Volcanic slopes (smoother), mass of large landslides, crest slopes with gravitational deformation topographies

4,7

8

Hilly terrace (upper)

Upper hilly terrace, lava plateau

9,34,36

9

Hilly terrace (lower)

Lower hilly terrace, talus

15,20

10

Debris valley

Terrace edge, valley in unconsolidated slopes

8,11,21

11aa

Terrace and large lowland slopeb (higher convexity)

Terrace, dissected fan

19,31

11ba

Terrace and large lowland slopeb (lower convexity)

Alluvial fan, sand bar (terraced)

19,31

12

Plain (finer texture)

Valley bottom plain

30

13a

Plain (higher)

Slightly elevated area in plain, sand bar

26

14

Plain

Flood plain

23

15c

Lowland near water level

Marsh, former lake

Independent group

  1. aThis group includes particularly many manmade terrains of residential areas
  2. bThe value of CONVEXITY (= 0.51) was used as the threshold to classify 11a and 11b
  3. cIndependent group using HAND threshold ( 3 cm) instead of clustering (cluster 23, 98.1%; 30, 1.0%; 37, 0.5%; 39, 0.4%)