Fig. 8

Effect of thermal gradient on elastic thickness for each planet for various models. Dashed, solid, and dotted lines indicate calculation results using strain rates of 10⁻¹⁶, 10⁻¹⁷, and 10⁻¹⁸ s⁻¹, respectively. In the calculations, a tensional stress field is assumed at shallow depths, which shifts to compression at greater depths. The parameters for the calculations are listed in Tables 1 and 2