Fig. 2

a Schematic concept of the coupled core-mantle evolution model; b zoom-up of a at the core-mantle boundary. The heat flux across the core-mantle boundary should be continuous; hence, the heat flux just below the core-mantle boundary (core side) must be the same as the heat flux for just above the core-mantle boundary (mantle side). c A schematic illustration for the concept of the feedback between the mantle convection and core evolution models. This illustration provides the CMB heat flow computed from the mantle convection model to the core evolution model, and then, feedback to the CMB temperature for the bottom boundary condition of the mantle convection model