Fig. 1

Structure of the original version of the Earth system model (ESM) used for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) Phase 3, developed by Team MIROC. From CMIP Phase 5 onwards, the full atmospheric chemistry component model CHASER was added. The land biogeochemical model was later replaced by SEIB-DGVM for CMIP Phase 5 and then by VISIT for CMIP Phase 6. All model acronyms are listed in the Abbreviations