Fig. 1

Change in temperature (ΔT) (top) and changes in cumulative land (middle) and ocean (bottom) carbon (C) uptake in the millennium time-scale experiments. Left a–c panels present the simulation results from MIROC-ESM; FULL^{2 × CO2} (black), BGC^{2 × CO2} (blue), and RAD^{2 × CO2} (red), where atmospheric CO₂ concentrations are abruptly doubled and held constant over 2000 years. Right d–f panels present the results from MIROC-ES2L with the results from FULL^{2 × CO2} over 1000 years. The control experiment of each model is shown by the gray line. All simulation results were detrended by the control run of each model, by fitting spline curves over 1000/2000 years