Fig. 1
From: Global and Arctic effective radiative forcing of anthropogenic gases and aerosols in MRI-ESM2.0
Summary of the effective radiative forcing (ERF) estimates in the year 2014 relative to the year 1850 in MRI-ESM2.0. The estimates are the global annual mean net ERF values at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) caused by the emitted compounds and processes. The ERFs due to aerosols are separated into three radiative effects as follows: aerosol-radiation interactions, aerosol-cloud interactions, and the surface albedo changes due to aerosols. The values of the net ERFs are also shown on the left side of the figure (positive and negative values are indicated by red and blue, respectively). The ERFs caused by individual species or their precursors are shown by color crossbars with their values (e.g., CO2, CH4, halocarbons, N2O, sulfate, OM, and BC). The ERFs from the total aerosols (estimated by the piClim-aer experiment) are shown by black bars and are not equal to the sum of the individual ERFs from each aerosol. The ERFs of the other compounds are shown by red (positive) and blue (negative) crossbars, respectively. Values are given in units of W m−2