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Table 1 Parameters estimation for each navigational points. The centroid frequency of the received radar signal, the drift slope of the centroid frequency, the derived loss tangent, and the derived TiO2 + FeO contents at different segments of the LPR data. The uncertainties for all the estimated values are the 95% confidence bounds. The navigation points are shown in Figs. 1c and 5b

From: Compositional variations along the route of Chang’e-3 Yutu rover revealed by the lunar penetrating radar

LPR

segments

Centroid frequency

(ft, MHz)

Frequency drift rate

(\( \Delta {f}_r \),MHz/ns)

Loss tangent

(tanδ)

TiO2 + FeO (wt.%)

N105–N106

N106–N107

N107–N108

N108–N202

N202–N203

N203–N204

N204–N205

N205–N206

N206–N207

N207–N208

504.75 ± 1.22

502.10 ± 1.58

496.52 ± 1.70

510.37 ± 1.40

505.30 ± 1.31

501.44 ± 1.41

498.57 ± 1.38

495.11 ± 2.28

497.40 ± 1.30

501.24 ± 1.74

− 1.623 ± 0.043

− 1.661 ± 0.059

− 1.217 ± 0.066

− 1.653 ± 0.047

− 1.219 ± 0.040

− 1.079 ± 0.044

− 1.128 ± 0.042

− 1.152 ± 0.071

− 1.107 ± 0.043

− 1.536 ± 0.070

0.0162 ± 0.0004

0.0168 ± 0.0005

0.0126 ± 0.0006

0.0162 ± 0.0004

0.0122 ± 0.0003

0.0109 ± 0.0004

0.0116 ± 0.0004

0.0120 ± 0.0006

0.0114 ± 0.0004

0.0156 ± 0.0006

29.54 ± 0.33

30.02 ± 0.44

22.58 ± 0.70

29.48 ± 0.35

25.36 ± 0.41

23.82 ± 0.52

24.63 ± 0.47

25.13 ± 0.77

24.42 ± 0.50

28.94 ± 0.58