Fig. 5

Effects of the ocean carbon pumps on oceanic pCO₂ from the observation: the reference state is a “no-pump” state and b “present” state. c Vector diagrams of the ocean carbon pumps from the observation. The contours show oceanic pCO₂ as a function of DIC and ALK calculated under a temperature of 18.16 °C and salinity of 34.59 psu. Solid and open circles represent averaged values over the global (i.e., [DIC]_avr and [ALK]_avr) and surface (i.e., [DIC]_sfc and [ALK]_sfc) oceans, respectively. Red, green, purple, and blue vectors are defined as ([ΔC_org]_sfc, [ΔA_org]_sfc), ([ΔC_caco3]_sfc, [ΔA_caco3]_sfc), ([ΔC_gas]_sfc, [ΔA_gas]_sfc), and ([ΔC_fw]_sfc, [ΔA_fw]_sfc), respectively. Units of the lateral and vertical axes are μmol/kg. The contour interval is 50 ppm, and contours larger than 2000 ppm are omitted