Fig. 6

Comparison of magnetic, climatic and paleoceanic variations. a–c The data of Lingtai. a The magnetic polarity stratigraphy. b The frequency dependence of magnetic susceptibility χ_FD (an SM proxy). The dots and squares represent age controls of the cool/low sea-level events and “x1–x5” show the SM events defined in the Xifeng loess sequence (Ueno et al. 2019). c The coarse grain size (a WM proxy) (Ueno et al. 2019). d–g The data from Osaka Bay. d The magnetic polarity stratigraphy (Hyodo et al. 2006). e Diatom-based salinity (sea-level proxy) (Maegakiuchi et al. 2016). f Mean temperatures of the coldest month (MTCO) and warmest month (MTWA) (Kitaba et al. 2013). g Proportion of deciduous trees (warm proxy) (Hyodo and Kitaba 2015). h The Ca/Ti ratio reflects biogenic productivity in Northwest Pacific based on the Chiba Section core TB2 (Hyodo et al. 2017). The dots designated “1–10b” show cool/low sea-level events, and “A–K” show warm/high sea-level events. i Planktic δ¹⁸O from the mid-latitude North Atlantic, with iceberg discharge events and the highest sea surface temperature interval (after Ferretti et al. 2015). The age model is after Hyodo et al. (2017). j Ice-volume model (after Hyodo et al. 2017). k Virtual dipole moment (after Guyodo and Valet 1999). Black/white/hatched areas in the magnetic polarity stratigraphy: normal-polarity/reverse-polarity/excursion. M: Matuyama. B: Brunhes. MBpf: Matuyama-Brunhes polarity flip (see text). “MB” in h and i represents the Matuyama–Brunhes boundary. The arrow heads in e, h, and i show the MIS 19.3 sea-level highstand