Fig. 9

a Temperature (upper) and salinity (lower) differences (shown in the legend as “dT” and “dS,” respectively) of measurements between SBE41 and SBE3 and 4 sensors during four experiments (Ex1~Ex4) for float S/N 8085 of J-Calibration. J-Calibration system uses cooling packs, adiabatic materials, and a Vinyl greenhouse to keep a uniform environment during the experiments. In 15 min allotted for each measurement, actual calibration is done in 5 min when the dT and dS are within ± 0.01 °C and ± 0.01 PSS-78, respectively. b The same as Fig. 9a except for 5 experiments (Ex1 ~ Ex5) for float S/N F0584 of J-Calibration