Fig. 4

Number concentration of a sum of cloud water and rain water (black solid contour line), sum of ice and snow (orange contour line), graupel (black dot-dashed contour line), and total hydrometeor q_hyd (shaded area); and b charge density of graupel (green contour line), sum of ice and snow (orange line), and cloud and rain (black contour line), and the total charge density over the z–R plane (shaded area). The variables were tangentially averaged during the last 12 h of the simulation. Solid and dash-dotted contours in b show positive and negative charge densities, respectively, and contour lines in a and b show 0.05, 1, 3, and 5 g kg⁻¹ and 0.01, 0.1, and 0.3 nC m⁻³, respectively. The dotted line in b indicates temperature (°C)