Climatic reconstruction at the Sannai-Maruyama site between Bond events 4 and 3—implication for the collapse of the society at 4.2 ka event

Hodaka Kawahata

doi:10.1186/s40645-019-0308-8

Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

Table 2 Sampled core depths; ages; sea surface temperatures (SST); fluxes of C37 benthic foraminifera; relative abundance of pollens including Castanea, Abies, and Picea; and relative abundance of coccoliths

From: Climatic reconstruction at the Sannai-Maruyama site between Bond events 4 and 3—implication for the collapse of the society at 4.2 ka event

Sample no.	Depth (cm)	Age (cal. yrs BP)	C₃₇ alkenone SST (°C)	C₃₇ alkenone flux (μg cm⁻² kyr⁻¹)	N. labradorica		N. Stella		Gephyrocap oceanica (‰)	Emiliania huxleyi (‰)	The other coccoliths (‰)
Sample no.	Depth (cm)	Age (cal. yrs BP)	C₃₇ alkenone SST (°C)	C₃₇ alkenone flux (μg cm⁻² kyr⁻¹)	δ ¹⁸O (‰)	δ ¹³C (‰)	δ ¹⁸O (‰)	δ ¹³C (‰)	Gephyrocap oceanica (‰)	Emiliania huxleyi (‰)	The other coccoliths (‰)
	3.3	0.63			1.99	− 0.94	2.42	− 2.16
1–3	5.5	0.95	22.5	0.12	1.94	− 1.14	2.56	− 2.08	74.3	18.9	6.8
1–4	7.7	1.27	22.7	0.12	2.10	− 0.70	2.39	− 2.10
1–5	9.9	1.59	23.4	0.14	2.09	− 0.89	2.56	− 2.23
1–6	12.1	1.91	23.6	0.25	2.05	− 0.71	2.66	− 2.00	79.7	20.3	0
1–7	14.3	2.23	23.6	0.13	1.98	− 0.93	2.35	− 2.25
2–1	16.1	2.50	22.2	0.08	1.85	− 0.89		− 2.01	81.1	13.5	5.4
2–2	18.4	2.83	22.9	0.10	1.99	− 0.77	2.52	− 1.89	86.5	12.2	1.4
2–3	20.7	3.16	22.8	0.09	1.91	− 1.00	2.59	− 2.22	68.9	31.1	0
2–4	23.0	3.49	22.3	0.14	1.76	− 0.82	2.49	− 2.45
2–5	25.2	3.82	22.7	0.21					89.2	8.1	2.7
2–7	29.8	4.18	23.3	1.44	1.92	− 0.87	2.50	− 2.26
2–10	36.6	4.27	24.0	1.11	2.09	− 0.88	2.47	− 1.86	82.4	12.2	5.4
2–13	43.8	4.37	24.1	1.37	1.98	− 0.90	2.48	− 2.33
2–16	50.2	4.45	24.0	0.42	2.08	− 0.99	2.46	− 2.15
2–19	57.0	4.54	23.5	1.89	2.29	− 0.68	2.55	− 2.18	73	24.3	2.7
2–22	63.8	4.63	23.7	1.14	2.23	− 1.03	2.47	− 2.18
2–25	70.6	4.72	23.5	1.54	2.14	− 1.20	2.54	− 2.17	78.4	20.3	1.4
2–25	72.9	4.75			2.30	− 0.87
2–28	77.4	4.81	24.1	1.24	2.03	− 0.86	2.46	− 2.43
2–31	84.2	4.90	23.4	1.16			2.46	− 2.98	68.9	27	4.1
2–32	86.5	4.93	24.1	1.18	2.06	− 1.05
2–34	91.1	4.99	23.3	1.01	2.05	− 1.05	2.52	− 2.40
2–36	95.6	5.05	23.7	1.11	1.91	− 1.18			82.4	16.2	1.4
2–37	97.9	5.08	23.8	1.86	2.16	− 1.22
2–38	100.1	5.11	24.2	0.80					81.1	16.2	2.7
2–40	104.7	5.17	23.5	1.12			2.49	− 2.50
2–42	109.2	5.23	23.6	1.17
2–42	111.5	5.26			1.99	− 1.55	2.53	− 2.96
3–1	116.1	5.32	23.1	3.11	1.86	− 1.50	2.45	− 2.96	68.9	29.7	1.4
3–5	125.2	5.42			2.04	− 1.44	2.34	− 2.93
3–7	129.8	5.47	23.0	3.18	1.55	− 1.35	2.58	− 2.48
3–11	138.8	5.58	22.6	2.70	1.88	− 1.50	2.54	− 2.96
3–11	147.9	5.68			1.76	− 1.95	2.36	− 3.40
3–19	157.0	5.78	22.7	2.22	1.99	− 1.67	2.40	− 3.47	54.1	45.9	0
3–23	166.1	5.89	22.6	2.99	1.77	− 1.84	2.43	− 3.54
3–25	170.6	5.94	21.9	3.07	2.01	− 1.67	2.23	− 3.06
3–29	179.7	6.04	23.9	4.98	2.12	− 1.69	2.19	− 3.28
3–32	187.5	6.10	22.2	3.67			2.47	− 3.46	67.6	21.6	10.8
3–35	193.3	6.15	23.0	3.75			2.60	− 3.26
3–39	202.4	6.22	23.7	1.50	2.21	− 1.97	2.44	− 3.68
3–43	211.5	6.29	22.0	5.02	1.83	− 2.82
4–1	216.6	6.33	23.9	1.37			2.47	− 4.94	70.3	23	6.8
4–5	225.8	6.41	23.4	2.84
4–7	230.8	6.45			2.13	− 1.75	2.52	− 3.93
4–11	239.4	6.52	23.1	3.23			2.52	− 2.97
4–14	246.3	6.57			2.35	− 2.32	2.47	− 3.80
4–17	253.1	6.64	23.8	1.61			2.48	− 3.33	73	24.3	2.7
4–20	260.0	6.71	23.3	1.08			2.60	− 2.95
4–24	269.1	6.81	23.9	0.79	2.02	− 1.94	2.59	− 3.43
4–27	275.9	6.89					2.74	− 3.45
4–30	282.8	6.96	24.0	1.05	1.90	− 1.77	2.53	− 2.76
4–35	294.2	7.09	22.7	1.72			2.61	− 3.55	55.4	39.2	5.4
4–38	301.0	7.16	23.0	0.66					47.3	48	4.7
4–41	307.8	7.24					2.67	− 4.49
5–2	319.9	7.37	23.1	0.76			2.78	− 3.53
5–4	324.5	7.42
5–8	333.5	7.52	22.8	0.73			2.87	− 3.58	70.3	25.7	4.1
5–15	349.4	7.69	22.4	0.58			2.67	− 3.86
5–19	358.5	7.79					2.87	− 4.45
5–21	363.0	7.84	23.0	0.52			2.86	− 4.24
5–25	372.1	7.94	24.2	0.52			2.64	− 3.72	71.6	21.6	6.8
5–27	376.7	7.99	23.6	0.54			2.79	− 3.88

Original data of Alkenone SST and pollen are from Kawahata et al. (2009b)

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