Table 2 Sampled core depths; ages; sea surface temperatures (SST); fluxes of C37 benthic foraminifera; relative abundance of pollens including Castanea, Abies, and Picea; and relative abundance of coccoliths

3.3

0.63

1.99

− 0.94

2.42

− 2.16

1–3

5.5

0.95

22.5

0.12

1.94

− 1.14

2.56

− 2.08

74.3

18.9

6.8

1–4

7.7

1.27

22.7

0.12

2.10

− 0.70

2.39

− 2.10

1–5

9.9

1.59

23.4

0.14

2.09

− 0.89

2.56

− 2.23

1–6

12.1

1.91

23.6

0.25

2.05

− 0.71

2.66

− 2.00

79.7

20.3

0

1–7

14.3

2.23

23.6

0.13

1.98

− 0.93

2.35

− 2.25

2–1

16.1

2.50

22.2

0.08

1.85

− 0.89

− 2.01

81.1

13.5

5.4

2–2

18.4

2.83

22.9

0.10

1.99

− 0.77

2.52

− 1.89

86.5

12.2

1.4

2–3

20.7

3.16

22.8

0.09

1.91

− 1.00

2.59

− 2.22

68.9

31.1

0

2–4

23.0

3.49

22.3

0.14

1.76

− 0.82

2.49

− 2.45

2–5

25.2

3.82

22.7

0.21

89.2

8.1

2.7

2–7

29.8

4.18

23.3

1.44

1.92

− 0.87

2.50

− 2.26

2–10

36.6

4.27

24.0

1.11

2.09

− 0.88

2.47

− 1.86

82.4

12.2

5.4

2–13

43.8

4.37

24.1

1.37

1.98

− 0.90

2.48

− 2.33

2–16

50.2

4.45

24.0

0.42

2.08

− 0.99

2.46

− 2.15

2–19

57.0

4.54

23.5

1.89

2.29

− 0.68

2.55

− 2.18

73

24.3

2.7

2–22

63.8

4.63

23.7

1.14

2.23

− 1.03

2.47

− 2.18

2–25

70.6

4.72

23.5

1.54

2.14

− 1.20

2.54

− 2.17

78.4

20.3

1.4

72.9

4.75

2.30

− 0.87

2–28

77.4

4.81

24.1

1.24

2.03

− 0.86

2.46

− 2.43

2–31

84.2

4.90

23.4

1.16

2.46

− 2.98

68.9

27

4.1

2–32

86.5

4.93

24.1

1.18

2.06

− 1.05

2–34

91.1

4.99

23.3

1.01

2.05

− 1.05

2.52

− 2.40

2–36

95.6

5.05

23.7

1.11

1.91

− 1.18

82.4

16.2

1.4

2–37

97.9

5.08

23.8

1.86

2.16

− 1.22

2–38

100.1

5.11

24.2

0.80

81.1

16.2

2.7

2–40

104.7

5.17

23.5

1.12

2.49

− 2.50

2–42

109.2

5.23

23.6

1.17

111.5

5.26

1.99

− 1.55

2.53

− 2.96

3–1

116.1

5.32

23.1

3.11

1.86

− 1.50

2.45

− 2.96

68.9

29.7

1.4

3–5

125.2

5.42

2.04

− 1.44

2.34

− 2.93

3–7

129.8

5.47

23.0

3.18

1.55

− 1.35

2.58

− 2.48

3–11

138.8

5.58

22.6

2.70

1.88

− 1.50

2.54

− 2.96

147.9

5.68

1.76

− 1.95

2.36

− 3.40

3–19

157.0

5.78

22.7

2.22

1.99

− 1.67

2.40

− 3.47

54.1

45.9

0

3–23

166.1

5.89

22.6

2.99

1.77

− 1.84

2.43

− 3.54

3–25

170.6

5.94

21.9

3.07

2.01

− 1.67

2.23

− 3.06

3–29

179.7

6.04

23.9

4.98

2.12

− 1.69

2.19

− 3.28

3–32

187.5

6.10

22.2

3.67

2.47

− 3.46

67.6

21.6

10.8

3–35

193.3

6.15

23.0

3.75

2.60

− 3.26

3–39

202.4

6.22

23.7

1.50

2.21

− 1.97

2.44

− 3.68

3–43

211.5

6.29

22.0

5.02

1.83

− 2.82

4–1

216.6

6.33

23.9

1.37

2.47

− 4.94

70.3

23

6.8

4–5

225.8

6.41

23.4

2.84

4–7

230.8

6.45

2.13

− 1.75

2.52

− 3.93

4–11

239.4

6.52

23.1

3.23

2.52

− 2.97

4–14

246.3

6.57

2.35

− 2.32

2.47

− 3.80

4–17

253.1

6.64

23.8

1.61

2.48

− 3.33

73

24.3

2.7

4–20

260.0

6.71

23.3

1.08

2.60

− 2.95

4–24

269.1

6.81

23.9

0.79

2.02

− 1.94

2.59

− 3.43

4–27

275.9

6.89

2.74

− 3.45

4–30

282.8

6.96

24.0

1.05

1.90

− 1.77

2.53

− 2.76

4–35

294.2

7.09

22.7

1.72

2.61

− 3.55

55.4

39.2

5.4

4–38

301.0

7.16

23.0

0.66

47.3

48

4.7

4–41

307.8

7.24

2.67

− 4.49

5–2

319.9

7.37

23.1

0.76

2.78

− 3.53

5–4

324.5

7.42

5–8

333.5

7.52

22.8

0.73

2.87

− 3.58

70.3

25.7

4.1

5–15

349.4

7.69

22.4

0.58

2.67

− 3.86

5–19

358.5

7.79

2.87

− 4.45

5–21

363.0

7.84

23.0

0.52

2.86

− 4.24

5–25

372.1

7.94

24.2

0.52

2.64

− 3.72

71.6

21.6

6.8

5–27

376.7

7.99

23.6

0.54

2.79

− 3.88