Fig. 1

Orographic boundary conditions around the region of Mt. Fuji (3776 m). Plotted is the height of the surface, relative to mean sea level, taken from ICON, IFS, and SAM to illustrate different representations of topography. Note that the land-sea mask does not correspond to the height of the 0 m contour, so even if regions may formally be just above, respectively below, sea level, this does not preclude them from being treated as sea, respectively land