Fig. 3

The sequential simulation results and the relative displacement of particles toward the moving wall while performing 90 m of shortening (0–22,500 m of shortening). The colored particles on the simulation results are the target particles that can be used for monitoring their depth, temperature, and vitrinite reflectance (Fig. 4). The trajectories of the particles are also depicted in the figure. The solid black lines in a and white lines in b are fore thrust, and the dashed black lines in a and white lines in b are back thrust. The thick solid black line in a and white line in b depict the OOST. The black arrows represent the displacement boundaries that are associated with active faulting