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Progress in Earth and Planetary Science
Fig. 5 | Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

Fig. 5

From: Perspective on the response of marine calcifiers to global warming and ocean acidification—Behavior of corals and foraminifera in a high CO2 world “hot house”

Fig. 5

Carbonate saturation state of seawater (Ωcal and Ωarag) influenced by changes in physical condition (a, c) and ongoing ocean acidification (b, d). The surface seawater compositions in the tropical western Pacific were used as an example (St. 96 of NOPACCS NH95-1 cruise; 5° 00′ N, 144° 55.7′ E; water depth 4102 m; sampling date April 22, 1995; data available from http://pacifica.pices.jp/table/). The red dotted lines in panels b and d represent the possible future trajectory of seawater compositions, as influenced by ocean acidification (Caldeira and Wickett 2003). The chemical equilibrium calculation was conducted using CO2calc (Robbins et al. 2010). Note that the CO2 system change in seawater caused by ocean acidification is much more significant to the carbonate saturation state of seawater, as compared with physical condition changes including temperature and pressure variations

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