Fig. 11

Data analysis examples. a COLLIDE-3 IBS 3 impact into JSC Mars-1 at 29.3 cm/s. Particle tracks are superposed in green, and the approximate projectile position is shown with a green circle, as the ejecta curtain hides it entirely. The mirror above the target tray shows a top view of the impact, in which the projectile is visible. b COLLIDE-3 IBS 2 impact into quartz sand at 26.3 cm/s. Note the mass transfer onto the projectile after rebound. c PRIME-3 rebound observation: t₀ indicates the moment of deepest penetration of the projectile into the target. (Top) Case of ejecta production without projectile rebound (flight 1, box 1): no marble motion can be detected for 183 ms. In the following frames, the ejecta curtain hides the projectile, which cannot be tracked anymore. (Bottom) Case of ejecta production with projectile rebound (flight 2, box 5): we can track the motion of the projectile over 10 frames and 4 pixels