Fig. 5From: Earthquake early warning: what does “seconds before a strong hit” mean?Railway damage evaluated on a magnitude (M)-epicentral distance (Δ km) diagram. This is a copy of Fig. 2 in Nakamura (1996) with slight modification (courtesy by Y. Nakamura). The dashed horizontal line indicates the epicentral distance of 30 km. For M > 6.5, damage occurred at sites of Δ > 30 km. For ~ 5.5 < M < 6.5, there was damage at some sites with Δ < 30 kmBack to article page