Fig. 5

a Time series of ensemble mean SM over Mongolia (black box in Fig. 1a) in the CSM (black line) and PSM (red line) experiment. b As in Fig. 4b but for the deviation of SAT in the CSM experiment relative to ERA-Interim. d As in b but for PSM. c, e Time series of area-averaged (black box in Fig. 1a) SAT in the CSM and PSM (red lines), respectively, referred to ERA-Interim (black lines). The gray shadings in a,c and e indicate the duration of HWs