Fig. 4

The Hovmöller diagram (averaged between 42° N and 52° N) of a SAT in 2002 summer and b its anomaly from the 30-year mean daily SAT in ERA-Interim. c Time series of SAT (red line) and SM (black line) in ERA-Interim averaged over Mongolia (black box in Fig. 1a). Red straight lines in a and b represent Mongolia. The gray shadings in c represent the durations of HW events